Introduction	During the history of medicine there have been a number of deadly diseases, many of which there are cures, treatments and vaccinations for today such as polio, yellow fever, smallpox, cholera and many more. At one point each of these diseases claimed thousands of lives while there was no cure or aid for the disease. Out of the research of scientists and doctors came cures for many of these diseases and new procedures in medicine that have saved countless lives with their use. Some of these early scientists and doctors laid the ground for the current research being done in medicine, such as the search for a cure for cancer and AIDS research. Who were these medical pioneers and "disease fighters," and how did they find their cures?
Essential Question	Who are some of the major pioneers of medicine and how has their work improved healthcare and stopped the spread of deadly diseases?
The Task	You will be exploring the lives and works of several famous "disease fighters" and medical pioneers. In Section One, you will be finding information on Louis Pastuer, Alexander Fleming and Jonas Salk, three of the most famous figures in the history of medicine. Use the navigation bar at the top of the screen to find each section, or scroll through the screen to each section in order. Click on the link provided in each section to answer the questions on each of these three figures. Answer the questions on the worksheet.

Section One:
Click on the link provided in each section to answer the questions on each of these three figures. Answer the questions on the worksheet.
 

Louis Pasteur:  Discoverer of the cure for rabies, prevention of spread of some diseases and father of the process of "pasteurization"	Background and Biography:  http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0125/01403904_A.html#P1  1. When and where was Louis Pasteur born?  2. What university did Pasteur take a teaching position at?  3. Who was the first person to try Pasteur's treatment for rabies?  Scientific Advancements:  http://www.ambafrance.org/HYPERLAB/PEOPLE/_pasteur.html  4. What theory did Pasteur discover that proved to be one of the most important discoveries in medical history?  5. Pastuer accomplished four major advances in the field of medicine. Describe each in a sentence using your own words.  6. At the top of the screen, click on the section titled "Research on Infectious Diseases Afflicting Man and Animal." What three infectious bacteria did Pasteur discover?  7. At the top of the screen, click on the section titled "Process of Pastuerization." How did Pasteur discover the process of pasteurization?
Alexander Fleming:   Discoverer of Penicillin	Background and Biography:  http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/flemin.html  8. When and where was Alexander Fleming born?  9. Where did Fleming study medicine for the majority of his life?  10. When did Fleming recieve the Nobel Prize for Medicine? What did he say while accepting the award?  Scientific Advancements:  http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm28pe.html  11. What was Fleming trying to study when he discovered penicillin?  12. How did Fleming discover penicillin?  13. What are at least two of the factors that originally stopped the use of Fleming discovery?  14. Who developed the process to produce large doses of penicillin?
Jonas Salk  Discoverer of the  polio vaccination	Background and Biography:  http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/sal0bio-1  15. Where and when was Jonas Salk born?  16. What was the first virus that Salk spent a lot of time researching?  17. Where did Salk begin his study of the polio virus?  Scientific Advancements:  http://www.lme.mankato.msus.edu/ci/Nov/Salk.html  18. Describe how Jonas Salk's polio vaccination works. Include information on how the vaccination is prepared.  19. How is Salk's vaccination used today?

Section Two:

Who were some of the other major "disease fighters" of the past and present? Look at the list of "disease fighters" below. Choose a scientist that you would like to learn more about. Click on his or her name to go to a list of resources on that scientist. Use the web resources provided to begin your study. Browse through the sites and write down at least five interesting facts about their life and/or medical advancements. You will recieve an additional sheet outlining your research requirements on the scientist you have chosen.

Anderson, W. French (Father of Gene Therapy)
Banting, Frederick (Discoverd Insulin)
Barton, Clara (Co-founder of the Red Cross)
Bethune, Norman (Pioneer of Surgical Techniques)
Blackwell, Elizabeth (The first female doctor in the United States)
Carson, Benjamin (Leading surgeon of pediatric neurosurgery)
Drew, Charles (Pioneer of blood and blood plasma storage)
Ehrlich, Paul (Pioneer of Chemotherapy)
Hippocrates (Father of Medicine)
Jenner, Edward (Creator of the smallpox vacine)
Julian, Percy (Creator of cortizone and a treatment for glaucoma)
Koch, Robert (Developer of Germ Theory)
Lister, Joseph (Father of Antiseptic)
Miller, G. Wayne (First surgeon to complete successful open heart surgery)
Nightengale, Florence (Pioneer of hospital sterilization and sanitation)
Novello, Antonia (First female surgeon general of the United States and advocate of children's health issues)
Osler, Sir William (Discoverer of Platelets, famous physician)
Picotte, Susan La Flesche (First Native American female doctor)
Reed, Walter (Discoverer of the cure for yellow fever)
Sabin, Florence (Researcher in anatomy, embryology and brain structure)
Snow, John ((Pioneer of Anathesia and methods for preventing cholera)

Activity:

What was it like before some of these medicial advances? What was it like to go to the hospital before antiseptic? What was is like to grow up without vaccinations? How did doctors treat patients before surgery? Click on the link below to go the "Doctor Over Time" activity that explorers these questions. There are three different medical conditions given with their diagnosis and treatment options from 1900, 1950 and 1998. Follow the directions on the site to explore how some of your options have "expanded" over time.

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/doctor/indext.html

Final Question:

Could the world have done without the polio vaccination? How would medical treatment be today if penicillin had never been invented? Think about the vaccinations, medical procedures and new treatments that we have today, then answer the question below in complete sentences. Answer should be at least 3-5 sentences.

* Chose at least one scientist that you explored in this webquest. Imagine that your scientist had never existed. How would the world and/or the field of medicine be different without their invention or discovery?

Medical Pioneer Resources:

Anderson, W. French (Father of Gene Therapy)

http://www.frenchanderson.org/
http://www.ess.ucla.edu/huge/wfrench.html
http://www.humangenetherapy.com/

Banting, Frederick (Discoverer of Insulin)

http://web.idirect.com/~discover
http://www.banting.com/dcenter/bantex.html
http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/heroes/ebant.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmbant.html

Barton, Clara (Co-founder of the Red Cross)

http://www.incwell.com/Biographies/Barton.html
http://www.redcross.org/hec/pre1900/cbarton.html
http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/95dec/barton.html

Bethune, Norman (Pioneer of Surgical Techniques)

http://collections.ic.gc.ca/medical/xbethune.htm
http://www.sd83.bc.ca/stu/9806/mabf1.html
http://collections.ic.gc.ca/heirloom_series/volume4/58-63.htm
http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~terning/bios/Bethune.html
http://www.yorku.ca/bethune/about/bethune.html

Blackwell, Elizabeth (The first woman doctor in the United States)

http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0000/00238080_A.html
http://www.galegroup.com/freresrc/womenhst/blackwel.htm
http://www.greatwomen.org/blkwele.htm
http://www.hws.edu/his/blackwell/
http://library.thinkquest.org/20117/blackwell.html

Carson, Benjamin (Leading surgeon of pediatric neurosurgery)

http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/special/blackhistory/profiles/carson.shtml
http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/car1int-1?rand=15322
http://www.black-collegian.com/african/trailblzr.shtml
http://www.cam.org/~emru/bhp/pages/09-07.html

Drew, Charles (Pioneer of blood and blood plasma storage)

http://www.triadntr.net/~rdavis/drew.htm
http://www.redcrossaustin.org/historyhtml/drew.html
http://encarta.msn.com/find/Concise.asp?z=1&pg=2&ti=761560858
http://www.cdrewu.edu/about/drdrew.htm
http://www.phillyburbs.com/BHM/drew.shtml

Ehrlich, Paul (Pioneer of Chemotherapy)

http://encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/44/044BD000.htm
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm09sy.html
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html
http://rex.nci.nih.gov/behindthenews/cioc/advances/20.1.htm

Hippocrates (Father of Medicine)

http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0075/00862464_A.html
http://www.educ.drake.edu/doc/dissertations/TMPR/hippo.htm
http://www.ea.pvt.k12.pa.us/medant/hippint.htm

Jenner, Edward (Creator of the smallpox vacine)

http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0075/00960256_A.html
http://www.sc.edu/library/spcoll/nathist/jenner.html
http://www.dursley-cotswolds-uk.com/Entrance.html?/Jenner%20museum.html
http://www.slam.katowice.pl/~zez/lis97/squint.html
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~hurlbert/pages/Chap1.html#Jenner

Julian, Percy (Creator of cortizone and a treatment for glaucoma)

http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi659.htm
http://www.invent.org/book/book-text/60.html
http://cgi.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmjuli.html
http://www.op97.k12.il.us/schools/julian/bio/index.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/10320/Julian.htm

Koch, Robert (Developer of Germ Theory)

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~hurlbert/pages/Chap1.html#Koch
http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1905/koch-bio.html
http://members.tripod.com/robertkoch3/

Lister, Joseph (Father of Antiseptic)

http://www3.telus.net/st_simons/cr9801.htm
http://www.sjsu.edu/depts/Museum/lis.html
http://www.robinsonresearch.com/HEALTH/PEOPLE/Lister.htm
http://web.ukonline.co.uk/Members/b.gardner/Lister.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1867lister.html

Miller, G. Wayne (First surgeon to complete successful open heart surgery)

http://www.projo.com/special/heart/toc.htm
http://www.gwaynemiller.com/bio.htm

Nightengale, Florence (Pioneer of hospital sterilization and sanitation)

http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/nitegale.htm
http://www.florence-nightingale.co.uk/biography.htm
http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0125/01322496_A.html
http://usd.edu/honors/The%20House%20the%20West%20Built/hwb_i/florence.htm
http://www.geocities.com/Wellesley/Garden/1101/nightin.html

Novello, Antonia (First female surgeon general of the United States adn advocate of children's health issues)

http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/history/bionovello.htm
http://www.bakersfield.com/school/hhm/novello.html
http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/vol4n12/ProfileANovello-en.shtml
http://www.clas.ufl.edu/dean/garden/wall/profiles/novello/
http://www.greatwomen.org/nvllo.htm

Osler, Sir William (Discoverer of Platelets, famous physician)

http://www.shim.org/~minhan/osler-homepage/osler-britannica.htm
http://www.medcor.mcgill.ca/~oslerweb/history.html
http://schwinger.harvard.edu/~terning/bios/Osler.html
http://www.cdnmedhall.org/Inductees/osler_94.htm

Picotte, Susan La Flesche (First Native American female doctor)

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/if_you_knew/if_you_knew_12.html
http://www.nde.state.ne.us/SS/notables/picotte.html
http://www.worldbook.com/fun/whm/html/whm071.html

Reed, Walter (Discoverer of the cure for yellow fever)

http://www.comptons.com/encyclopedia/ARTICLES/0150/01530112_A.html#P1A1
http://www.med.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/yelfev/pan6.html
http://www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk/Tutorials/Panama/Panama.html
http://hsc.virginia.edu/hs-library/historical/yelfev/pan1.html

Sabin, Florence (Researcher in anatomy, embryology and brain structure)

http://www.nas.edu/history/members/sabin.html
http://www.aoc.gov/art/nshpages/sabin.htm
http://www.worldbook.com/fun/whm/html/whm077.html#top
http://www.greatwomen.org/sabin.htm

Snow, John (Pioneer of Anathesia and methods for preventing cholera)

http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowbio.html
http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow.html
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/snowinfo.htm
http://elmer.jsi.com/JSISearch/oldweb/PORT_SNO.HTM

This Web Activity addresses South Carolina State 7th Grade Science Standard II.A.5.a - click on the link below to view standard
http://www.state.sc.us/sde/educator/standard/science/7th-stan.htm

WebQuest Designed by:
Amanda L. Stanford
White Knoll Middle School
116 White Knoll Way
West Columbia, SC 29170

Last Update: 01/14/01